Traveling across the Treetops

Ungulate herbivory: indirect effects cascade into the treetops.

C hanges in population numbers of top (apex) predators are increasingly acknowledged to promote major shifts in ecosystem organization. The early evidence was both experimental and observationally based: for instance, predatory starfish can influence the ability of species to coexist on marine rocky shores (1); bass, by consuming grazing minnows, alter primary production in freshwater streams (...

Fungal metabolic gene clusters—caravans traveling across genomes and environments

Metabolic gene clusters (MGCs), physically co-localized genes participating in the same metabolic pathway, are signature features of fungal genomes. MGCs are most often observed in specialized metabolism, having evolved in individual fungal lineages in response to specific ecological needs, such as the utilization of uncommon nutrients (e.g., galactose and allantoin) or the production of second...

a comparative pragmatic analysis of the speech act of “disagreement” across english and persian

the speech act of disagreement has been one of the speech acts that has received the least attention in the field of pragmatics. this study investigates the ways power relations, social distance, formality of the context, gender, and language proficiency (for efl learners) influence disagreement and politeness strategies. the participants of the study were 200 male and female native persian s...

The traveling salesman problem

The Traveling Salesman Problem

The Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is perhaps the most studied discrete optimization problem. Its popularity is due to the facts that TSP is easy to formulate, difficult to solve, and has a large number of applications. It appears that K. Menger [31] was the first researcher to consider the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP). He observed that the problem can be solved by examining all permutati...